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The invasion of England in 1326 by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, led to the capture of Hugh Despenser the Younger and the abdication of Edward II of England bringing an end to the insurrection and civil war.〔Lehman pp 141-42〕〔Richardson p 61〕 == Background == Roger Mortimer of Wigmore was a powerful Marcher lord, married to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, and the father of twelve children. Mortimer had been imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1322 following his capture by king Edward. Mortimer's uncle, Roger Mortimer de Chirk finally died in prison, but Mortimer managed to escape the Tower on his birthday in 1323, making a hole in the stone wall of his cell before escaping onto the roof, before using rope ladders provided by an accomplice to get down to the River Thames, across the river and then on eventually to safety in France.〔Weir (2006), p 153〕 Victorian writers suggested that, given later events, Isabella might have helped Mortimer escape and some historians continue to argue that their relationship had already begun at this point, although most believe that there is no hard evidence for their having had a substantial relationship before meeting in Paris.〔Weir (2006), p 154; see Mortimer, 2004 pp 128-9 for the alternative perspective.〕 In 1325 Edward, then Duke of Aquitaine and heir to the throne of England, journeyed to France to pay homage to Charles IV of France as his vassal.〔Ormrod, W. Mark. "England: Edward II and Edward III." The New Cambridge Medieval History. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. p. 278〕 Isabella accompanied her son and it was during that journey that her affair with Mortimer began.〔Ormrod, p 287〕 Isabella was reintroduced to Mortimer in Paris by her cousin, Joan, Countess of Hainault, who appears to have approached Isabella suggesting a marital alliance between their two families, marrying Prince Edward to Joan's daughter, Philippa.〔Weir (2006), p 194〕 Mortimer and Isabella began a passionate relationship from December 1325 onwards; Isabella was taking a huge risk in doing so—female infidelity was a very serious offence in medieval Europe, as shown during the Tour de Nesle Affair—both Isabella's former French sisters-in-law had died by 1326 as a result of their imprisonment for exactly this offence.〔A point born out by Mortimer, 2004, p.140〕 Isabella's motivation has been the subject of discussion by historians; most agree that there was a strong sexual attraction between the two, that they shared an interest in the Arthurian legends and that they both enjoyed fine art and high living.〔Weir (2006), p 197〕 One historian has described their relationship as one of the "great romances of the Middle Ages".〔Mortimer (2004) p 141〕 They also shared a common enemy—the regime of Edward II and the Despensers.〔 Isabella was ordered to return to England after homage was paid to Charles but refused to do so in January 1326, unless Hugh Despencer was exiled. Edward refused and then ordered Charles to make her return, he refused also and in return Edward cut off all financial supplies to Isabella.〔 Isabella turned to Charles for aid but he refused only allowing her an occupancy in his palace. This however did not last long when word got through that Pope John XXII had spoken out against Isabella; Charles swiftly ordered her away and would never speak to her again for a long time.〔Weir (2006), p 215〕 Mortimer's supporters in England started to send him victuals, armour and other aid by March 1326, which Edward tried to stop, and also ordered his ports to be on the lookout for spies entering the kingdom. Without French support Isabella and Mortimer left Paris in the of summer 1326 taking Prince Edward with them, and travelled North East into Holy Roman Empire territory to William I, Count of Hainaut.〔〔Prestwich p 86 ''there was no danger from France for Isabella found her support from Hainaut''〕 As Joan had suggested the previous year, Isabella betrothed Prince Edward to Philippa, the daughter of the Count, in exchange for a substantial dowry〔Kibler p 477〕 She then used this money to raise a mercenary army, scouring Brabant for men, which were added to a small force of Hainaut troops.〔Weir (2006), p 221〕 William also provided eight men of war ships and various smaller vessels as part of the marriage arrangements. Although Edward was now fearing an invasion, secrecy remained key, and Isabella convinced William to detain envoys from Edward.〔 Isabella also appears to have made a secret agreement with the Scots for the duration of the forthcoming campaign.〔Weir (2006), p 222 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Invasion of England (1326)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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